T
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1992.
Towards an operational definition of Personal Assistance. "Personal" assistance means that users exercise the maximum control over how services are organised and custom-design their services according to their individual needs, capabilities, life circumstances and aspirations.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1992.
Tools for Power: A Resource Kit for Independent Living. The aim of the "Resource Kit" is threefold: (1) to empower disabled individuals and organizations of disabled persons, (2) to serve as a handbook for professionals, and (3) to aid NGO's in their disability work. It was a project of the Independent Living Committee of Disabled Peoples' International.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1999.
Taxi för alla: Förslag till pilotprojekt. För allmänheten utgör taxin ett viktigt komplement till de kollektiva färdmedlen buss, pendeltåg, spårvagn eller tunnelbana. För människor med funktionshinder gäller det i ännu högre grad. Vi vill visa att enkla och eleganta lösningar kan förbättra även vår rörlighet i stadstrafiken. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/taxiSv.html (In Swedish.)
S
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2004.
The Swedish Personal Assistance Act of 1994. Adolf Ratzka (Director of the Independent Living Institute), personal assistance and ventilator user for over 40 years, describes the features of the Swedish Personal Assistance Act of 1994 using his personal example as an illustration for the possibilities the policy opens up for people with extensive disabilities. Keynote address, Japanese Ventilator Users’ Network Symposium, Tokyo, 2004-06-23. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka20040623.html. Japanese version (PDF, 209 KB), Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka20040623-japanese.pdf.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2004.
The Swedish Personal Assistance Act of 1994. Presentation in Helsinki, Finland, 2004-10-14. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/ratzka200410b.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1995.
Supporting families in keeping disabled family members at home: Swedish policy instruments. In Sweden, a disabled family member is likely to represent a burden on the family. Yet the argument can be made that policy instruments, such as those available in Sweden, lessen the impact of a disability on the family and the community. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/InstitutionsCostaRica.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
STIL, the Stockholm Cooperative for Independent Living. Adolf Ratzka who imported the Independent Living Movement to Sweden provides his view of the origins of STIL, the Stockholm Cooperative for Independent Living, social policy in Sweden in the 1980's and how a change was needed, from the professionally run service culture to self-determination of equal citizens. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka199605.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1990.
STIL mot hemtjänststalinisterna. Hur skulle det se ut om kommunen hade monopol på finansieringen, produktionen och fördelningen av bröd? Artikeln illustrerar det tredubbla kommunala monopolet på hemtjänstområde. Artikeln publicerades i DN. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar199008.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Spänningen stiger - vem har rätt angående priset för en rättvis taxiordning. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/ratzka20030526.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
Sexuality and people with disabilities: What experts often are not aware of. For many of us who have extensive disabilities our sexual liberation does not so much depend on sex counselling or mechanical sex aids but on the availability of tax-funded personal assistance services which empower us to take control over our own lives. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/sexuality.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
Sexualitet och människor med funktionshinder: vad experterna ofta inte känner till.". For many of us who have extensive disabilities our sexual liberation does not so much depend on sex counselling or mechanical sex aids but on the availability of tax-funded personal assistance services which empower us to take control over our own lives. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/sexuality2.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2015.
Self-determination through Direct Payments and Personal Assistance cooperatives. In his keynote address Adolf Ratzka delineates the origins of STIL, the Stockholm Cooperative for Independent Living owned and mainly run by Personal Assistance user themselves providing services to its members. Personal Assistance is here depicted as an example of demand-driven as opposed to supply-driven services which, according to the text's analysis, would explain the differences between these services in terms of quality and cost efficiency.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Selbstbestimmte Mobilität für Menschen mit Behinderung in Schweden?" Rollstuhlgerechter öffentlicher Fern- und Nahverkehr und Taxidienste statt Sonderlösungen und Sonderfahrdienste sind für die Selbstbestimmung vieler Körperbehinderten im Alltag unumgänglich. Leider sind diese Voraussetzungen in Schweden nicht erfüllt. Ein kürzlich erfolgreich durchgeführtes Versuchsprojekt mit barrierenfreien Taxidroschken im regulären Taxiverkehr konnte wegen des Widerstands der Sonderfahrdienste und der politischen Majorität im Landkreis nicht weitergeführt werden. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200311.html. (In German.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
Schweden: Betreuung oder Selbstbestimmung - zur Lage von Menschen mit Behinderungen. Schweden mit seinen 8,5 Millionen Einwohnern erfreut sich des Rufs eines fortschrittlichen Sozialstaats, in dem Menschen mit Behinderungen unter besseren Lebensbedingungen als in den meisten anderen Ländern leben. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/ratzka96a.html (in German)
P
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2002.
Projektet ‘Taxi för Alla’ (PDF, 60 KB). Nollåtta. DHR Stockholmavdelning. No. 6, dec. 2002, s. 14. Internet publikation URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/nollatta200212s14.pdf (PDF, 60 KB).
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
The prerequisites for de-institutionalization. Paper presented at the European Congress on Independent Living, Tenerife April 24-26, 2003. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200304.html.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1993.
Personlig assistans och Disability Pride. Adolf Ratzka pratar om "disability pride" genom hans egna erfarenheter och behovet av personlig assistans för att kunna känna sig oberoende och stolt. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/pride93b.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1992.
Personlig Assistans: Ett försök till en operationell definition. "Personlig" assistans betyder att man som brukare utövar maximal kontroll över hur servicen organiseras och skräddarsyr den enligt sina individuella behov, sin förmåga, livssituation och sina strävanden. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/toolsforpower/tools15b.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
Persönliche Assistenz in Schweden. Independent Living oder Selbsbestimmt Leben ist eine weltweite Bewegung von Menschen mit Behinderungen, die gegen Aussonderung, Bevormundung und Diskriminierung arbeiten und für volle Bürgerrechte, Selbstbestimmung und Selbstrespekt kämpfen. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/PersAssistenzinSchweden.html (in German).
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2011.
Personal responsibility as precondition for personal and social change. Adolf Ratzka, Independent Living Institute, presented at the Second International Conference on Personal Responsibility on the Way to Social Change organized by Jerusalem Center for Independent Living December 2, 2010
2011-05_Personal_responsibility_as_precondition_for_personal_and_social_change.pdf (111.98 KB) Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1989.
Personal Assistance: The key to Independent Living. Keynote address at the conference on personal assistance in Strasbourg, France.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2012.
Personal assistance policy features for Independent Living:. What are the important features of a national policy on personal assistance that is to promote "living independently and being included in the community" "with choices equal to others" and to enable persons with disabilities to fulfill their duties and to enjoy their rights as citizens?
The presentation identifies the elements of the Swedish Personal Assistance Act of 1994 that have contributed most to the outcome of this widely acclaimed legislation.
2012_01_Wien_PPP_Word.doc (47 KB) Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2012.
Personal Assistance: Key to Independent Living as illustrated by the Swedish Personal Assistance Act. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner, Europe Regional Office convened a meeting in Brussels on May 7 2012 "CRPD and EU Structural Funds: The way ahead for Independent Living" to raise awareness about the violation of CRPD Article 19 "Living independently and being included in the community" by using EU Structural Funds for the construction and maintenance of residential institutions. The paper shows how demand-driven direct payments for Personal Assistance services, not only achieve far superior quality of services than residential institutions resulting in higher quality of life for service users at lower costs but also affect a country's economy more favorably. Thus, violating Article 19 of the CRPD is not only illegal but also wasteful in terms of human and monetary capital.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2012.
Personal Assistance empowers persons with disabilities and benefits the national economy. Direct Payments for Personal Assistance make demand-driven services possible that promote freedom of choice and quality. Supply-driven services, on the other hand, are often monopolistic in-kind services that force users to adapt their lives to the needs of the service provider. The Swedish Personal Assistance Act of 1994 is an example of a Direct Payments policy. Its outcome is discussed as well as its implications for the national economy in times of economic crisis.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2012.
Personal Assistance and the Crisis: Now is the time to promote Direct Payments for Personal Assistance. Against the backdrop of the impact of the current economic crisis on persons who depend on practical assistance by other persons with the activities of daily living the author outlines arguments for direct payments for Personmal Assistance services. These services are demand driven, superior in quality and cost-efficiiency to supply driven services such as residential institutions and support the United Nations Convention Article 19 "living independently and being included in the community".
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1993.
Personal Assistance and Disability Pride. Adolf Ratzka reflects on disability pride through personal experiences, and the neccessity of personal assistance services to achieve independence and pride. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/pride93.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka, Larsson Anna.
1993.
Peer Support - En sjöman ber inte om medvind - han lär sig segla. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/peersupport.html (In Swedish.)
I
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2002.
IT and disabled people's employment: opportunities and limits, The example of the Independent Living Institute. Ratzka, Director, Independent Living Institute, describes some of the features of the Institute's Website and shows some of the possibilities offered by the internet to individuals with disabilities and their organizations. Pointing out the qualifications that working in this environment requires he concludes that IT cannot materially improve disabled people's employment situation as long as they do not have equal access to education, housing and transportation services. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/ratzka20020201.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
Introduktion till direktutbetalningar för personlig assistans. För personer med omfattande funktionshinder finns två principiella förutsättningar: personlig assistans och tillgänglighet i den omgivande bebyggelsen, i vilket ingår tillgänglighet i bostaden. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/directpay2.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
Introduction to direct payments for personal assistance. For persons with extensive disabilities there are two key requirements: personal assistance and accessibility in the built environment including accessible housing. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/directpay.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2009.
Interview with Kalle Könkkölä November 2008. Internet publication URL: https://www.independentliving.org/kalle_konkkola200811
kalle_konkkola200811.pdf (31.76 KB) Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1995.
Institutioner eller Personlig Assistans: Ett exempel från Costa Rica. Är institutioner verkligen bästa platsen för äldre att tillbringa sina sista år? Är det verkligen den bästa uppväxten för barn? Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/InstitutionsCostaRicaSv.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1994.
Independent Living och familjen: ur Costa Ricanskt och Svenskt perspektiv." . För begreppet familjen innebär konceptet om Independent Living deltagande i ett av de viktigaste områdena i livet; nämnligen kärleksrelationen, sexuallivet och föräldraskapet. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/FamilyCRSwedenSv.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Independent Living in Sweden. Account of the emergence of the Independent Living movement in Sweden, the social policy climate at the time, its struggles, achievements and challenges from the perspective of the person who introduced the independent living concept to Sweden. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200302b.html. In the forthcoming English version of: Alonso, J. Vidal Garcia. 2003. "El Movimiento de Vida Independiente, Experiencias Internacionales." ("The Independent Living Movement: International Experiences.") Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/alonso2003.pdf (In Spanish, PDF, 1.46 MB). Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
Independent Living in der Slowakei.". 1997 wann das Institut für Independent Living Projektverträge in der Slovakischen Republik im Rahmen des EU PHARE Programms für die Einführung eines Models für Persönliche Assistenz mit Bargeldleistungen an die Assistenznehmer sowie eines Models für ein rollstuhlgerechtes, der Öffentlichkeit zugängliches, Taxisystem mit Subventionierung der behinderten Reisenden. Der Artikel diskutiert die besonderen Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkeiten von benutzer-initierten und benutzer-betriebenen Lösungen in post-kommunistischen Gesellschaften. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/slovakiade.html (In German.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2011.
Independent Living for People with Disabilities of All Ages. Given the increasing number of older persons relative to the working age population, record level taxes and baby boomers’ demands for self-determination and quality of life, which changes might the Scandinavian welfare model have to undergo in order to deliver long term care to all who need it? In Sweden, direct payments for personal assistance are paid to mainly younger persons with extensive disabilities. In terms of perceived quality and cost per hour of service, direct payments have been found to be more efficient than traditional local government services. But would this favorable experience hold for all persons in need of assistance with the activities of daily living – regardless of age, diagnosis and minimum needs? What would be such a policy’s cost and effects on the labor market? How could it be financed? Would it threaten younger disabled persons’ relative favorable present situation? Today’s Swedish policy of cash payments for the purchase of personal assistance services might be of interest as a long term care solution for tomorrow’s older persons.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2007.
Independent Living for people with disabilities: from patient to citizen and customer. Keynote at the conference in Barcelona 22 October 2007 organized by the Catalan Party Convergéncia i Unió in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of The Spanish Law for Persons with Disabilities of 1982. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/ratzka20071022.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2005.
Independent Living Empowers People with Disabilities. In: Development Outreach. World Bank. July 2005. Reprinted from www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/article.asp?id=317. The World Bank's magazine "Development Outreach" in a special edition presents articles from governments and international NGOs, illustrating different perspectives and approaches to facing the challenges of disability, and addressing the connection between disability and poverty. In his article about Independent Living Adolf Ratzka defines the concept and its implications for disability policy. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/ratzka200507.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2005.
Independent Living émancipe les personnes en situation de handicap. Development Outreach. World Bank. Juillet 2005. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/ratzka200507f.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1994.
Independent Living and the family: The context of Costa Rica and Sweden.". In the context of the family, Independent Living implies participation in all areas of human life, especially loving relationships, sexuality and parenthood. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/FamilyCRSweden.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1997.
Independent Living and Our Organizations: A Definition. We are the last minority to fight for our rights and we will not go away. Even with the most sophisticated prevention, early detection and rehabilitation services there will always be people with disabilities and we have to build our societies in such a way that everybody can live in them with dignity and self-respect. Presentation at the conference "Our Common World" organized by Disability Rights Advocates Hungary in Siofok, Hungary, May 9-11, 1997.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1997.
Independent Living and Our Organizations. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/toolsforpower/tools7gr.html (In Greek).
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1996.
Independent Living and Attendant care in Sweden: A Consumer Perspective. Internet publication URL: http://www.independentliving.org/docs1/ar1986spr.html
ar1986spr.pdf (111.55 KB) Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
I kläm mellan laissez faire och den sociala ingenjörskonsten. Skillnaderna mellan hemtjänst och personlig assistans - en diskussion med en granskning av de olika socialpolitiska instrument som finns på vårt område. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/i_klam.html (In Swedish.)
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Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1999.
A história da sociedade inclusiva na Europa. Ratzka, Adolf. 1999-11. "A história da sociedade inclusiva na Europa." (In Portuguese.) Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka199911.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1982.
Hemservice - i vems regi? Artikeln som lanserade begreppen "personlig assistent", "personlig assistans i brukarregi" och föreslog finansiering av personlig assistans genom riksförsäkringsverket. Artikeln publicerades redan redan år 1982 i Svensk Handikapptidskrift. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar1982.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1986.
Har samhället råd med oss? Från "Stiletten" nr. 6/86, december 1986. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar198612.html (In Swedish.)
F
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Funktionshindrade protesterar, Dagens Nyheter 2003-06-15 (PDF, 357 KB). Internet publikation URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/dn20030615.pdf (PDF, 357 KB). (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
From patient to customer: Direct payments for assistive technology for disabled people’s self-determination. The author, AT user and activist in the Independent Living movement, claiming that direct payments for AT result in better quality and cost-efficiency than services in kind, suggests a pilot project to test the hypothesis. Plenary paper presented at the 7th European Conference for the Advancement of Assistive Technology, "Shaping the Future", Dublin, Ireland, August 31st – 3rd September 2003. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200308b.html.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka, Elmén Bengt.
1986.
Från redaktionen -"Stiletten" nr. 5/86, november 1986. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar198611.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
Försök med kontantstöd för Personlig Assistans i Slovakien. I 1997 vann Institutet för Independent Living ett kontrakt för projekt i Slovakiska Republiken inom EU:s PHARE- program för personlig assistans i brukarregi med kontantstöd och för uppbyggnaden av ett integrerat allmänt taxisystem, som tar alla kunder oavsett om de har rörelsehinder och använder rullstol eller ej, med subventioner för kunder med funktionshinder. Artikeln diskuterar de möjligheter och hinder som brukarinitierade och brukarstyrda lösningar möter i post-kommunistiska samhällen. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/slovakiasv.html (In Swedish.)
D
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1998.
Direct Payment Schemes in Slovakia. In 1997 the Independent Living Institute successfully bid for projects in the Slovak Republic within the European PHARE program: a personal assistance delivery scheme using direct cash payments and a accessible mainstream taxi system with a subsidy scheme for disabled riders. The article discusses some of the difficulties and opportunities that user-initiated and user-run solutions entail in post-communist societies. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/slovakia.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2015.
Die Voraussetzungen zur De-institutionalisierung von Menschen mit Behinderungen. Persönliche Assistenz ist eine hochqualitative und kostengünstige Alternative zu Wohneinrichtungen und ambulanten Diensten, laut Adolf Ratzka - eine Behauptung, die er mit den über 20-jährigen schwedischen Erfahrungen mit persönlicher Assistenz belegt. Den Hauptwiderstand gegen persönliche Assistenz in Deutschland sieht er in den Eigeninteressen der Wohlfahrtsverbände und dem noch weitverbreiteten medizinischen Bild von Behinderung.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Die Schwedische Assistenzreform von 1994. Vortrag anlässlich der Eröffnung des Europäischen Jahres der Menschen mit Behinderungen In Magdeburg 21. 2. 2003. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200302.html (In German).
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
2003.
Den svarta tisdagen, 17 juni 2003. Internet publikation URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/ratzka20030618.html (In Swedish).
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.
1986.
Den lilla skillnaden - Apropå vår omslagsbild. Från "Stiletten" nr. 4/86, oktober 1986. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar198610.html (In Swedish.)