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2015
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.  2015.  Die Voraussetzungen zur De-institutionalisierung von Menschen mit Behinderungen.
Persönliche Assistenz ist eine hochqualitative und kostengünstige Alternative zu Wohneinrichtungen und ambulanten Diensten, laut Adolf Ratzka - eine Behauptung, die er mit den über 20-jährigen schwedischen Erfahrungen mit persönlicher Assistenz belegt. Den Hauptwiderstand gegen persönliche Assistenz in Deutschland sieht er in den Eigeninteressen der Wohlfahrtsverbände und dem noch weitverbreiteten medizinischen Bild von Behinderung.
2009
Jaillet, C.  2009.  De la dé-institutionnalisation à la vie autonome : la nécessité des systèmes de formations et de la pair-émulation.
Miles, M.  2009.  DEAF PEOPLE, SIGN LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION, IN OTTOMAN & MODERN TURKEY: Observations and Excerpts from 1300 to 2009. From sources in English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin and Turkish, with introduction and some annotation.
Internet publication URL: https://www.independentliving.org/miles200907.html
PDF icon miles200907.pdf (494.75 KB)
Asaka, Junko.  2009.  Disability, women and love.
Junko Asaka speaks candidly about her own experiences of being in love and being a woman with a disability, revealing how she came to terms with her own perceptions of herself. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/toolsforpower/tools25.html
2008
Were Masakhwe, Phitalis.  2008.  Development System Locks Out the Disabled.
Internet Publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/masakhwe200802.html
2007
Barnes, Colin.  2007.  'Direct Payments' for Personal Assistants for Disabled People: a key to independent living?
Background notes to a verbal presentation at the Centre for Independent Living, Dublin, Conference 'Independent Living 2007,' Croke Park Conference Centre, Dublin 3, Tuesday, June 5th 2007. Internet publication URL: http://www.independentliving.org/docs7/barnes20070605.html
Miles, M.  2007.  Disability and Deafness in East Asia: Social and Educational Responses, from Antiquity to Recent Times. A bibliography of European-language materials with introduction and some annotation. Revised Version 4.0, August 2007.
The bibliography introduces and lists 900 articles, chapters and books connected with social and educational responses to disability, deafness and mental disorders in China, Korea and Japan, from antiquity to 2007, some with annotation. (This work revises and greatly extends an earlier bibliography on the former History of Education website at the Catholic University of Nijmegen). Internet publication URLs: independentliving.org/docs7/miles200708.html and independentliving.org/docs7/miles200708.pdf
Miles, M.  2007.  Disability and Deafness, in the context of Religion, Spirituality, Belief and Morality, in Middle Eastern, South Asian and East Asian Histories and Cultures: annotated bibliography.
The bibliography introduces and annotates materials pertinent to disability, mental disorders and deafness, in the context of religious belief and practice in the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles200707.html and www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles200707.pdf
2005
Miles, M.  2005.  Deaf People Living and Communicating in African Histories, c. 960s - 1960s.
New, much extended Version 5.01, incorporating an article first published in Disability & Society vol. 19, pp. 531-45; August 2004, titled then "Locating deaf people, gesture and sign in African histories, 1450s-1950s". The latter material is republished with permission of Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis. Visits 100 deaf people in 42 nations, across 1000 years of African history. From servants and schoolchildren to scientists, soldiers and statesmen, using every possible means of communication. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005a.html
Sarbib, Jean-Louis.  2005.  Development OUTREACH, July 2005.
Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/sarbib200507.html
2004
Fahanmahan, Farhad.  2004.  "Det är samma här, men det är olika" - ett program om hur det kan vara att komma till Sverige som man med funktionshinder från Mellanöstern.
Lyssna-MP3 (29:38 minuter, 27,8 MB), lyssna-RealAudio, download-RealAudio (9,8 MB). Programmet i text. Att vara invandrare och funktionshindrad beskrivs ibland som att leva med ett dubbelhandikapp. Vi frågade tre män från olika delar av mellanöstern om deras syn på hur det är att leva med funktionshinder i hemlandet och hur de upplever situationen i det svenska samhället. Deltagare:Khoudadad Bahrami, Amir Amirriazi och Attila Koüba. Intervjuer och research: Farhad Jahanmahan. 
Berg, Susanne.  2004.  "Det finns hem för sådana där" är ett radioprogram om vanföreanstalterna, skolhem för barn med rörelsehinder.
Barn och unga med funktionshinder hade inte rätt att gå i den ordinarie kommunala skolan. Särskilda skolhem, institutioner var alternativet. Genom en lagändring 1962 – 120 år efter allmän skolplikt infördes i Sverige - blev kommunerna tvungna att erbjuda skolgång på hemorten för rörelsehindrade elever. Programmet följer tre kvinnor med rörelsehinder från 30- till 60-talet. Lyssna-MP3 (30:43 minuter, 28,8 MB), lyssna-RealAudio, download-RealAudio (9,9 MB). Programmet i text. Deltagare: Siv Eriksson, Karin Westlund och Wenche Willumsen.
Brozek, Dorothea.  2004.  Die Österreichische Pflegevorsorge.
Dokument in Rahmen des ECEPA Projekts. Internet Veröffentlichung URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/brozek200409a-de.html (In German.)
2003
Opitz, Caspar.  2003.  Delseger för dem som nyttjar rullstolstaxi.
Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/dn20030923.html (In Swedish.)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.  2003.  Den svarta tisdagen, 17 juni 2003.
Internet publikation URL: www.independentliving.org/taxi/ratzka20030618.html (In Swedish).
Evans, John.  2003.  Developments in Independent Living and Direct Payments in UK.
Presented at the European Network on Independent Living (ENIL) conference in Southampton, England, 7-9 March 2003. Internet publication URL: http://www.independentliving.org/docs6/evans200311.html
1st European Congress on Independent Living.  2003.  Dichiarazione di Tenerife: Promuovere la Vita Indipendente Fine della Discriminazione contro le Persone Disabili.
From the1st European Congress on Independent Living, Tenerife April 24-26, 2003. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/tenrife20020426it.html
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.  2003.  Die Schwedische Assistenzreform von 1994.
Vortrag anlässlich der Eröffnung des Europäischen Jahres der Menschen mit Behinderungen In Magdeburg 21. 2. 2003. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/ratzka200302.html (In German).
Nolan, Ann, Regan Colm.  2003.  Direct Payments Schemes for People with Disabilities - A Summary Guide, A new and innovative policy approach to providing services to disabled people in Ireland.
This information leaflet is based on the research project, "Direct Payments Schemes for People with Disabilities," carried out by the Bray Partnership in 2002 (see above). The aim of the leaflet is to provide information and create awareness about the concept of direct payments, as well as to commence a lobbying process for the introduction of a direct payments pilot programme. As such, the leaflet fulfills part of the recommendations of the research project relating to dissemination of information and increasing awareness. Bray Partnership, Ireland, Website: www.braypartnership.ie. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/bray200305-sum.pdf (155 KB). See also the main document, Internet publication URL:www.independentliving.org/docs6/bray200305.pdf (357 KB)
Uddin, Salah.  2003.  Disability Situation & Impact of ADD work in Bangladesh.
Action on Disability and Development (ADD), Bangladesh. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/uddin200309.html
Barnes, Colin.  2003.  Disability, the organization of work, and the need for change.
Professor Barnes, from the Centre for Disability Studies, University of Leeds, England points out that, "regardless of their role within the 'conventional' labour market, disabled people are both producers and consumers of a vast array of services upon which many non-disabled people depend; they are, therefore, a fundamental component within this equation." Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/barnes20030306.html
2002
Nakanishi, Yukiko.  2002.  Development and Self-Help Movement of Women with Disabilities.
This article focuses on development assistance models and philosophies for women with disabilities who struggle to achieve independence in Asia, first from the viewpoint of a development program organizer and then from the viewpoint of a witness of empowered self-help movements. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/nakanishi.html
2001
Saavedra, Andrea Avaria.  2001.  Discapacidad: Exclusión / Inclusión.
The author, instructor at the Department of Anthropology at Universidad de Chile, proposes a different perspective for analyzing disability issues using the concept of exclusion / inclusion for a multi-dimensional and dynamic understanding of social exclusion. First publisher: Revista Mad. No.5. Septiembre 2001. Ediciones Mad, Universidad de Chile. Inernet publication URL: sociales.uchile.cl/publicaciones/mad/05/paper07.htm. Inernet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/saavedra200109.html
2000
King, Audrey.  2000.  The Darker Ages: What's Wrong With Institutions?
Audrey King, M.A., an internationally known writer, speaker, and advocate on disability issues, shares observations about life in institutions gathered from 30 years of working as a rehabilitation professional. She describes how institutional structures pose a consistent dynamic tension between individual autonomy and system procedures, which are often resistant to change and necessarily geared to cost and procedure efficiencies.
Byrnes, Andrew.  2000.  Disability rights and human rights: plunging into the 'mainstream'?
Andrew Byrnes, of the Faculty of Law at The University of Hong Kong, writes that disability issues are for the most part treated as social issues instead of mainstream human rights issues, similar to women’s rights issues fifteen years ago. He outlines ways in which disability rights issues can be moved onto a more prominent place on the international human rights agenda. He also outlines gains which have already been made as a result of these efforts. In: "Let the World Know - Report of a Seminar on Human Rights and Disability Held at Almåsa Conference Centre, Stockholm, Sweden, November 5-9, 2000." (PDF, 610 KB, Word 97, 564 KB.) Pre-paper 5. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/byrnes00.pdf. In Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/rioux00.pdf and www.independentliving.org/docs2/rioux00.doc
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  2000.  Disability Tribune, Special Issue-Disability and bioethics.
The manual contains a definition of biotechnology, its proposed uses, its regulation, a list of related sites, and a discussion of health inequality as a result of economic inequality in relation to the issue of biotechnology. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa200002.html
1999
Golden, Marilyn.  1999.  Department of Transportation (DOT) Finishes Greyhound Regulation -- Proposes Bus Companies Must Document Lack of Service.
Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/golden1999.html
Kelles-Viitanen, Anita.  1999.  Disability, Poverty Reduction and Social Development.
Anita Kelles-Viitanen of the Asian Development Bank examines the objectives of the Bank in regard to poverty reduction and improving the quality of life of all people in Asia and the Pacific. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs1/dpidi2992.html
Oliver, Mike.  1999.  Disabled people and the inclusive society: or the times they really are changing.
Mike Oliver looks at semantics and use of words in addressing disability issues, and refers to Bob Dylan's "The times they are a-changing" to make his point about exclusion and discrimination. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/oliver.html
Literacy Volunteers of America.  1999.  Disabled to Raise Funds for Non-Disabled - Labor Day weekend radio event to benefit Literacy Volunteers of America.
To show that people with disabilities – like all other humans – can be both on the receiving and giving end, "On A Roll," the weekly syndicated radio program on disability lifestyle issues, produced by people with disabilities, raised funds for Literacy Volunteers of America, Inc. (LVA) through an on-air event on Sept. 5, 1999. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/onarollathon1999.html
1998
Doe, Tanis.  1998.  Definitioner av Independent Living (IL) världen över.
En av de primära grundsatserna av IL filosofin är att sociala problem inte stammar från funktionsnedsättningen hos individen utan från samhällets misslyckande i att möta samhällsmedborgarnas behov. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/doe1998.html (In Swedish.)
Hardus, Alwine.  1998.  Det är du som bestämmer: Brukarstryd budget för att ordna assistans (Direct Payments).
"Client-linked budget" is a system of direct payments for personal assistance services. This outlines the Dutch service, comparing it with "help in kind." Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/hardussv.html (In Swedish.)
Mahoney, K J, Simon-Rusinowitz L, Desmond S M, Shoop D M, Squillace M R, Fay R A.  1998.  Determining Consumers' Preferences for a Cash Option: New York Survey Findings.
The purpose of this article is to present findings from a telephone survey conducted in New York to assess consumers' preliminary interest in the cash option when compared to traditional services. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs4/ar498.html
PDF icon ar498.pdf (59.02 KB)
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.  1998.  Direct Payment Schemes in Slovakia.
In 1997 the Independent Living Institute successfully bid for projects in the Slovak Republic within the European PHARE program: a personal assistance delivery scheme using direct cash payments and a accessible mainstream taxi system with a subsidy scheme for disabled riders. The article discusses some of the difficulties and opportunities that user-initiated and user-run solutions entail in post-communist societies. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/slovakia.html
Enns, Henry.  1998.  Disabled Refugees.
Henry Enns, Executive Director of Disabled Peoples’ International discusses the plight of disabled refugees as a human rights issue that needs to be addressed by the UN and member states. Immigration policies in most countries discriminate against disabled refugees considering them as a “burden” and ignoring the significant contributions that disabled persons make to society. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/enns1998disabled_refugees
Barnes, Colin.  1998.  Discrimination and the law - the British Experience.
In his presentation at the seminar organized by Independent Living Sweden, Stockholm, and and the Office of the Disability Ombudsman, Professor Colin Barnes of the Disability Research Unit in Leeds, UK, describes the Disability Discrimination Act enacted in 1995 in the UK, why and how the Act came into being, and why the Act is a mistake. He notes that the result of policies in general has been to create dependence for disabled people instead of independence which is what disabled people want and have a right to. Conference on Legislation for Human Rights Stockholm, Sweden, 1998-08-24. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs1/hr6.html.
1997
Council of the European Union.  1997.  Directive 2000/ /EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union.
Internet publication URL: Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/eu97bus.html
PDF icon eu97bus.pdf (569.45 KB)
Lagadien, Fadila.  1997.  Disabled Women and the Media - Presentation for National Women's Day.
Fadila Lagadien considers how media communicates images of the estimated 13 per cent of disabled South Africans, especially women with disabilities. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs1/fadila97.html
Brown, Steven E.  1997.  Dis-ing Definitions.
Dr. Steven E. Brown, Co-Founder of the Institute on Disability Culture, in the United States, attempted to reframe how people think the language and status of disability. First published in Mainstream: Magazine of The Able-Disabled, August 1997. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/brown97b.html.
1996
Center for Independent Living, Tokyo, Japan.  1996.  Demand for Social Security Measures by Independent Living Association in Japan.
Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/cil-japan199606.html.
Evans, John, Hasler Frances.  1996.  Direct Payments Campaign in the U.K..
The IL movement believes that Direct Payment schemes should be a right, and thus a change in the legislation has high priority in the issues of disabled people after comprehensive civil rights legislation. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/enildirectpayment.html
Evans, John, Hasler Frances.  1996.  Direktutbetalningskampanjen i Storbritannien.
The IL movement believes that Direct Payment schemes should be a right, and thus a change in the legislation has high priority in the issues of disabled people after comprehensive civil rights legislation. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/directpayuksv.html (In Swedish.)
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 1, Media Information.
DAA's Media Information Resource Kit helps to change the structures of society and attitudes, and to support your cause through traditional media. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit1.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa1.pdf
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 2, Consultation and Influence.
DAA's Consultation and Influence Resource Kit helps to unite organisations as advocates for their own rights to influence decision-makers in governments and all sectors of society. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit21.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa2.pdf (146 KB)
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 3, Campaigns.
DAA's Campaigns Resource Kit offers ideas for campaigns, things to be considered if you are to run a successful campaign and some real-life examples. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit31.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa3.pdf (103 KB)
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 4, Organisation Building.
DAA's Organisation Building Resource Kit looks at how organisations of disabled people can improve their structures and the way they work. nternet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit41.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa4.pdf
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 5, Fund-Raising.
DAA's Fund-Raising Resource Kit gives ideas about your disability organisation's funding strategy - how to raise and use money effectively. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit51.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa5.pdf (65 KB)
Disability Awareness in Action (DAA).  1996.  Disability Awareness in Action Resource Kit No. 6, Disabled Women.
DAA's Disabled Women Resource Kit focuses on the social status of disabled women, comments on representation and empowerment, and looks at the women's movement in the context of disabled women's issues. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs2/daakit61.html and www.independentliving.org/docs2/daa6.pdf (61 KB)
Longmore, Paul K.  1996.  Disability Community Leaders Denounce Jack Kevorkian.
It is long past time for the disability community to respond to Jack Kevorkian's lethal assaults on our people. At least half of the people whose suicides he has abetted have been disabled. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs4/longmore96.html
Brown, Steven E.  1996.  Disability Culture: A Fact Sheet.
Dr. Steven E. Brown, Co-Founder of the Institute on Disability Culture, in the United States, briefly describes the history and themes of disability culture. (Las Cruces, NM: Institute on Disability Culture, 1996). Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/brown96a.html.
Davidovich, Nathan.  1996.  Disability Discrimination in the Workplace.
Despite increased sensitivity to physical and mental disabilities, many of America's workers find themselves to be victims of employment discrimination due to their disability. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs5/EmployDiscrim.html
McLaren, Pam, Philpott Sue, Hlophe Richard.  1996.  Do 'assistive devices' really assist disabled people?
Assistive devices ensure that people with disabilities are active in society. But what prevents them from assisting disabled people to be independent? Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs1/mclarenetal1996.html
1995
Brown, Steven E, Gonzales Brown Lillian.  1995.  Death & Life.
Dr. Steven E. Brown and Gonzales Brown, Co-Founders of the Institute on Disability Culture, in the United States, has written a biographical description of a friend Danny Blake, who lives with Cerebral Palsy and AIDS and provides a cogent analysis of living and dying with a disability. First published in "Mainstream: Magazine of the Able-Disabled," September 1995. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/brown95b.html.
Pfeiffer, David.  1995.  The Disability Movement and its History.
Pfeiffer, resident scholar in the Center on Disability Studies at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, past president of the Society for Disability Studies, present editor of Disability Studies Quarterly and an early leader of the U.S. disability rights movement while a full time faculty member at Suffolk University in Boston, explores the history of the American disability rights movements through some of its most classic texts. First published as "Hip Crip 101." Mainstream: Magazine of the Able-Disabled, Dec.-Jan. 1994-95. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/pfeiffer95.html
1993
Westerberg, Bengt.  1993.  Den nya handikappreformen för ett jämlikt och värdigt liv.
I: Institutet för Independent Living. 1993. "Hemtjänst i omdaning - möjligheter och decentraliseringens och privatiseringens tid, Dokumentation av STIL-hearing Stockholm 1993." Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/stil1993.html#3 (In Swedish.)
Rothstein, Bo.  1993.  Den offentliga sektorn och individens självbestämmande.
I: Institutet för Independent Living. 1993. "Hemtjänst i omdaning - möjligheter och decentraliseringens och privatiseringens tid, Dokumentation av STIL-hearing Stockholm 1993." Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/stil1993.html#2 (In Swedish.) 
1991
Kose, Satoshi.  1991.  Design guidelines of public collective housing for the aging society in Japan.
Satoshi Kose, from the Building Design and Use Division, Building Research Institute in Tsukuba, Japan, describes the Ministry of Construction's project aimed at solving the problem of housing for the aged, in terms of both policy on housing supply and guidelines for dwelling design. Some of the practical requirements will be: elimination of level differences within dwellings; provision of handrails to assist moving about; promotion of the development of building facilities that are suited to the needs of the aged persons, etc. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/cib/cibbudapest13.html
Atanasova, Gallina.  1991.  Disability in Bulgaria - the necessity of higher social protection during the crisis period and the transition to a market economy.
Gallina Atanassova outlines the effects that half a century of totalitarian socialism has had on the current situation of disabled people in Bulgaria. She describes the work of the Union of Disabled People in Bulgaria, a grass roots organization which advocates for the rights and needs of disabled people in Bulgaria. Third ENIL Seminar, Stockholm, Sweden June 1991. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/enilstockholmsem2.html. In: Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs2/enilstockholmsem1.html.
Driedger, Diane(ed.).  1991.  Disabled People in International Development.
This booklet is presented to create an increasing awareness of disabled persons in the development process for both the disabled persons community and non-governmental organizations involved in international development. Internet publication URLs: www.independentliving.org/docs1/dispeopleintldev1.html and www.independentliving.org/docs1/dispeopleintldev.pdf
Driedger, Diane(ed.).  1991.  Disabled People's Development Projects.
This booklet is presented to create an increasing awareness of disabled persons in the development process for both the disabled persons community and non-governmental organizations involved in international development. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs1/dispeopleintldev3.html
1988
Pfeiffer, David.  1988.  Divisions in the disability community.
Within the community of disabled persons in this country there is a division between those concerned with civil rights and those concerned with service delivery. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/toolsforpower/tools3b.html
1987
Finkelstein, Vic.  1987.  Disabled People and our Culture Development.
Why is disability culture a crucial component of the disability rights movement? The question is addressed by Finkelstein, a psychologist by training, tutor in Disability Studies at the Open University and Visiting Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Disability Studies, Leeds University. Finkelstein has a disability. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/finkelstein87a.html
1986
Dr. Adolf Ratzka.  1986.  Den lilla skillnaden - Apropå vår omslagsbild.
Från "Stiletten" nr. 4/86, oktober 1986. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs3/ar198610.html (In Swedish.)
1980
Derksen, Jim.  1980.  The Disabled Consumer Movement: Policy Implications for Rehabilitation Service Provisions.
Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/derksen1980.html
1975
United Nations General Assembly.  1975.  Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons Proclaimed by United Nations General Assembly resolution 3447 (XXX) of 9 December 1975.
Proclaimed by United Nations General Assembly resolution 3447 (XXX) of 9 December 1975. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs6/unga19751209.html