Marttiina Fränti, Chief Architect, Ministry of the Environment, Finland
Maija Könkkölä, Architect, National Association of the Disabled,
Finland
The access norms are based on the performance criteria expressed since 1973
in statute 85a of the Building Decree, amended in 1990, concerning public
administration and service buildings as well as private business and service
facilities. The Building Norm on Accessibility, code F1, first included
in 1978 in the National Building Code of Finland and amended in 1985, consists
of regulations in the form of performance criteria, and also of guidelines
with detailed numerical measures on accessibility.
Only the building regulations in the norms of the Code are binding, the
guidelines are recommendations on possible good solutions.
There is an enforcement mechanism at the municipal level. The municipal
building authority, the building committee, is responsible for applying
any norm when granting building permits. According to a new statute in the
Planning and Building Act, enacted in 1990, the builder and the developer
are also responsible for fulfilling the norms. The Act serves as a source
to the local authority in enforcing access statute 85a and building regulations
on accessibility. Only the body or individual, whose project the building
permit concerns, and the neighbor of this future or existing building, can
appeal to the County Administrative Court if discontented with a decision
made by the building committee. However, a disabled individual, who is neither
the applicant of a building permit nor the neighbor of someone who is, has
the possibility to complain to the Attorney General. During the 1980s, disabled
communities and individuals have, in some cases, used this way of complaining
about the disregard of statutes and norms by local building authorities.
Types of disabilities are expressed in the statute referring to "Individuals
whose ability to move around, or to be active, or to orientate themselves
is restricted due to age, disability or illness ". The definitions
based on this statute 85a include access to the structure from the street
and access within the structure, including toilets.
Access legislation refers to new buildings but must also be considered for
application in existing buildings under renovation or restructuring.
Enforcement does not depend on the size of the structure in question, but
only on the type and use of the building itself. The structure should be
open to the public in general, or owned or administered by a public body,
state, municipality, church etc.
The requirement of elevators is based on performance criteria in the building
regulations of the Code. Complaints to the Attorney General have shown that
these criteria are insufficient. Almost in all cases the cause of the complaint
has been the lack of an elevator. The guidelines give a difference in elevation
of two or more storeys when an elevator is needed. The minimum size for
a personal elevator is 110 cm x 140 cm. The elevation differences as described
in the guidelines ought to be made a binding regulation to enforce the installation
of elevators in public buildings and business facilities.
In newly built structures, there remain areas without access such as, storage
rooms, technical machinery rooms, etc. In existing buildings, for which
a building permit is needed for reconstruction work, applying the legislation
depends upon the existing building itself, considering its future use. If
existing architectural barriers can be technically removed, doors will be
widened and ramps and elevators will be installed, regardless of costs.
Rare cases, in which the historical nature of a building prevents the remodelling
of its main facade and if because of that, access for disabled persons through
the main entrance cannot be provided, other entrances are to be made accessible.
Nowadays, access is also often voluntarily planned by the property owner.
Access legislation refers to public buildings which includes: municipal
and governmental office buildings; schools and universities; social or medical
facilities; cultural and religious premises; recreational and sports facilities;
public transport terminals; and train, bus and subway stations. In these
buildings both visitors and internal working staff benefit from this accessibility.
In the private building sector the statute concerns businesses or services
open to the public so that everyone has to have the possibility to enter.
This legislation refers to shops, markets, hotels, restaurants, etc. The
building legislation only refers to those structures to be constructed or
renovated and the area immediately outside. The legislation does not refer
to public outdoor areas such as parks, streets, etc. except when a public
building is to be built in those areas.
Access legislation does not include private workplaces or residential buildings.
The subject has been lobbied but the initiative has not yet reached the
stage of preparing a statute. There is no legislation, enforcing accessibility
to vehicles used in public transport. The cities of Helsinki and Tampere
are experimenting with low-floor buses and streetcars for public use. The
Helsinki subway was originally planned for and has accomplished accessibility.
The Finnish State Railways are developing a new railway wagon accessible
for people with disabilities. Ferries sailing between Finland and Sweden
are accessible.
Awareness of access regulations is spread through trade journals, and courses
and seminars attended by planners, building authorities and disabled consumers.
Training is voluntary and courses are organized mainly by local organizations
of disabled persons.
In the future, the access norms will be accompanied by a separate publication
of good examples of accessibility in renovated existing public buildings.
The publication has been prepared by the National Association of the Disabled
and will be published in 1991-92.
The interests of disabled and old persons in bringing about access legislation
are represented by organizations of disabled people, organizations for disabled
people, by disabled individuals and also by the government social authorities.
These parties are involved in lobbying and formulating draft proposals on
access legislation. The National Association of the Disabled prepares technical
papers for improving the building norms on accessibility required by the
Ministry of the Environment.
The National Council on Disability, a special body of disabled people's
organizations and government officials has existed since the mid-1980s.
The Council takes initiatives on any legislation to improve the situation
of disabled persons.
The initiative on access legislation was due to the results of a working
group of the Nordic Ministers Council in the beginning of the 1970s. At
the same time, the organizations of disabled persons in Finland became active
in this matter. The already existing building statute of Sweden on accessibility
served as a model for the Finish governmental agency in preparing the first
statute 85a in 1973.
